New research suggests that diet and exercise offer distinct and cumulative benefits when it comes to managing Type 2 diabetes risk.

Researchers at Saint Louis University both exercise and calorie restriction had positive effects on insulin sensitivity. Most interestingly, the group that did both saw two times the improvement in insulin sensitivity than either of the single-approach groups.

For the study, researchers recorded the participants' insulin sensitivity levels, a marker for diabetes risk that measures how effectively the body is able to use insulin.

"Your blood sugar may be perfectly normal, but if your insulin sensitivity is low, you are on the way to blood sugar issues and, potentially, Type 2 diabetes," Edward Weiss, researcher and associate professor of nutrition and dietetics, said in a statement.

The findings suggest that both exercise and calorie restriction have additive beneficial effects on glucoregulation (the steady maintenance of glucose, or sugar, in the body).

"The exercise group was, in a way, our control group. It was already known that exercise can improve glucoregulation, both through weight loss and through mechanisms that are independent of weight loss," Weiss said. "This means that even if you don't lose weight, exercise helps. On the other hand, it often has been assumed that calorie restriction improves glucoregulation simply because it leads to weight loss."

For this reason, it was somewhat surprising to researchers when they found that exercise-induced weight loss did not lead to greater improvements in glucoregulation than calorie restriction alone.

"What we found is that calorie restriction, like exercise, may be providing benefits beyond those associated with weight loss alone," Weiss said.

If this is true, researchers would expect that the combination of exercise and calorie restriction (with participants still losing between 6 and 8 percent of their weight, like the other groups) would lead to even more improved glucoregulation than either of the other groups alone.

"On the surface it may seem obvious, and yet there are a lot of people who believe that if they maintain a healthy weight, it doesn't matter what they eat," Weiss said. "This study says you can be healthier if you exercise and eat the right amount of food. There is more to be gained by including both approaches in your life."

The findings are detailed in the journal Diabetes Care.