Consumers will accept the presence of nanotechnology or genetic modification (GM) technology in foods -- but only if the technology enhances the nutrition or improves the safety of the food, according to a recent study from North Carolina State University and the University of Minnesota.

"In general, people are willing to pay more to avoid GM or nanotech in foods, and people were more averse to GM tech than to nanotech," Dr. Jennifer Kuzma, senior author of the study and co-director of the Genetic Engineering in Society Center at NC State, said in a statement. "However, it's not really that simple. There were some qualifiers, indicating that many people would be willing to buy GM or nanotech in foods if there were health or safety benefits."

For the study, Kuzma and her colleagues conducted a nationally representative survey of more than 1,000 consumers in the United States.

Participants were asked to answer an array of questions that explored their willingness to purchase foods that contained GM tech and foods that contained nanotech. The questions also explored the price of the various foods and whether participants would buy foods that contained nanotech or GM tech if the foods had enhanced nutrition, improved taste, improved food safety, or if the production of the food had environmental benefits.

The researchers found that survey participants could be broken into four groups.

Eighteen percent of participants belonged to a group labeled the "new technology rejecters," which would not by GM or nanotech foods under any circumstances. Nineteen percent of participants belonged to a group labeled the "technology averse," which would buy GM or nanotech foods only if those products conveyed food safety benefits. Twenty-three percent of participants were "price oriented," basing their shopping decisions primarily on the cost of the food - regardless of the presence of GM or nanotech. And 40 percent of participants were "benefit oriented," meaning they would buy GM or nanotech foods if the foods had enhanced nutrition or food safety.

"This tells us that GM or nanotech food products have greater potential to be viable in the marketplace if companies focus on developing products that have safety and nutrition benefits - because a majority of consumers would be willing to buy those products," Kuzma said. "From a policy standpoint, it also argues that GM and nanotech foods should be labeled, so that the technology rejecters can avoid them."

The findings are detailed in the Journal of Agricultural Economics.