Feb 24, 2015 02:46 AM EST By Staff Reporter, UniversityHerald Reporter

Milliseconds, even a few feet, could be the difference between life and death for a car travelling relatively fast needs to come to an immediate stop.

Researchers from the University of Michigan and BYU have discovered a way to provide a little extra cushion when it comes to near-accidents. They found that people react significantly faster to warning signs that depict greater movement.

"A sign that evokes more perceived movement increases the observer's perception of risk, which in turn brings about earlier attention and earlier stopping," Ryan Elder, co-author of the study and a professor in BYU's Marriott School of Management, said in a statement. "If you want to grab attention, you need signs that are more dynamic."

Dynamic signs include images appearing to move at a higher speed. For example (see the related image), the crosswalk sign from the U.S. has low dynamism. The sign in the middle, from Poland, has more, and the one on the right is highly dynamic--the figures appear to be sprinting.

"If the figures look like they're walking, then your brain doesn't worry about them shooting out into the road," Elder said. "But if they're running, then you can imagine them being in front of your car in a hurry."

For the study, researchers pursued explored how static imagery that implies motion can impact behavior. Using driving simulations, click-data heat maps, surveys, reaction time exercises and eye-tracking, the trio found that signs conveying a higher perception of movement lead to quicker action from observers.

In one study experiment, researchers found that participants in a driving simulation reacted an average of 50 milliseconds faster to warning signs with higher dynamism. For a car going 60 mph, that 50 milliseconds translates into an extra 4.4 feet of distance--which can make a difference in close shaves.

In a second experiment, the team used eye-tracking technology to measure how long it takes a person's eyes to notice a traffic sign. The eye-tracker results showed that signs with higher perceived movement attracted (and maintained) significantly earlier attention than static signs.

"Things that look like they're going to move get moved in our minds," Elder said. "Our minds want to continue the motion that is contained within an image--and that has important consequences."

Researchers hope the study can ultimately influence policy leading to changes that help reduce accident-related injuries and deaths.

More than 37,000 people are killed every year in the U.S. due to car accidents, with another 2.35 million injured or disabled. The researchers believe increasing the number of dynamic warning signs will help increase the effectiveness of those signs and ultimately lead to fewer deaths.

The findings are detailed in the Journal of Consumer Research.

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